Responsible for regulating and maintaining bodily homeostasis, the endocannabinoid system (ECS) is a neuromodulatory system that comprises endocannabinoids, receptors, and enzymes. Although not discovered until the early 90’s, the ECS is an integral part of the human body.

The Endocannabinoid System’s Function

The function of the ECS is complicated, and its full capabilities have yet to be understood. However, scientists have discovered connections between the ECS and several bodily functions, including:

Appetite and digestion
Metabolism
Pain and inflammation
Mood
Learning and memory
Motor control
Sleep
Cardiovascular system function
Muscle formation
Bone remodeling and growth
Liver function
Reproductive system function
Stress management
Skin and nerve function

Endocannabinoids vs. Phytocannabinoids

Endocannabinoids are endogenous molecules interacting with endocannabinoid receptors to maintain regular bodily functions. Considered the bridge between the body and mind, endocannabinoids, and their receptors, are found throughout the body.

Scientists have discovered two fundamental endocannabinoids:

anandamide (AEA)
2-arachidonoylglyerol (2-AG)

Alternatively, phytocannabinoids are molecules produced by plants, specifically cannabis, that interact with endocannabinoid receptors. Phytocannabinoids activate receptors similarly to endocannabinoids, but with diverse effects.

What Are Endocannabinoid Receptors?

Endocannabinoids and phytocannabinoids bind to endocannabinoid receptors signaling their activation. The effects of the interaction between cannabinoids and receptors vary depending on the strength and location of the connection.

Experts have isolated two endocannabinoid receptors:

CB1 receptors, primarily found in the central nervous system
CB2 receptors, primarily found in your peripheral nervous system, especially immune cells

Recent evidence suggests the existence of a third CB3 receptor, although scientists have yet to isolate it.

Interactions With THC & CBD

THC and CBD are two examples of phytocannabinoids that interact with the ECS. Although several different phytocannabinoids bind with endocannabinoid receptors, CBD and THC are the most well-researched.

Tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), most well-known for its intoxicating effects, binds to both CB1 and CB2 receptors. Medicinal uses for THC include increasing appetite, reducing pain, aiding in sleep, and reducing muscle spasticity.

Cannabidiol (CBD) is often regarded for its wellness uses. Scientists are working to understand how CBD interacts with the ECS, although it is known that CBD does not bind to CB1 or CB2 receptors in the way that THC does. The most common uses for CBD include anxiety, seizures, and inflammation.

Endocannabinoid Health

There exists evidence to suggest that ECS imbalances are the root of many treatment-resistant conditions such as irritable bowel syndrome, migraines, and fibromyalgia; this theory is referred to as endocannabinoid deficiency syndrome.

If this theory holds, it is possible that supplementation with natural cannabinoids, such as THC and CBD, could aid in the treatment of these conditions. It should be noted that more research is needed to confirm this theory.

To Conclude

The ECS is vital in working alongside various body systems to maintain homeostasis. While the body produces its endogenous cannabinoids, phytocannabinoids bind to and activate endocannabinoid receptors. Although more research is needed to make conclusions, evidence is starting to point toward using cannabinoids to remedy many treatment-resistant conditions.

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